giver of all good and perfect gifts that grounds his moral imperative that humans live in a community not of competition but of collaboration. Given James’s moral and religious dualism, which demands of everyone a choice between friendship with the world and friendship with God, the composition’s most obvious target are those called “double-minded” (1:8; 4:8), who want to be friends with everyone. In 4:4, James uses language that had been used by the prophets to symbolize apostasy from covenant when